There are various theories and approaches of sla which try to explain how l2 learning takes place. Theories of second language acquisition sla play an important role in second language l2 learning. Contrastive analysis assumes that the patterns and rules of l1 cause difficulties to l2 learning. Contrastive analysis became associated with behaviorist psychology, which was another separate influence on language teaching, particularly on audiolingual language teaching, and especially in the united states. Contrastive analysis is concerned with the study of two languages aiming at discovering their structural similarities and differences. In short, the cah holds that nltl differences are both necessary and sufficient to explain the difficulty that occurs in l2 learning.
Markedness universals and the acquisition of voicing contrasts by korean speakers of english volume 18 issue 1 roy c. The following assumptions mav be said to underlie the contrastive analysis hypothesis. This study of five native speakers of korean investigates the role of universals in their acquisition of english obstruent voicing contrasts. Most of all we must pay more attention to the topic is markedness and second language acquisition. Markedness in universal grammar and second language acquisition.
The concept of direction of difficulty is clear from a and c of the mdh. Markedness in universal grammar and second language. It is a hypothesis founded by the pioneer of ca field, robert lado 1957 in his book linguistics across cultures to account for the second language acquisition in a systematic way by comparing the first language system and culture to the second language system and culture. In addition, ca is a technique to identify whether two languages have something in common, which assess both similarities and differences in languages. Jun 25, 20 this looks at ways contrastive analysis hypothesis helps teachers predict errors that may occur. Contrastive analysis point of view proposed by lado 1957 in that structural. It even seems that contrastive studies should rather be regarded as an approach, not as a branch of general linguistics. It was soon pointed out that many errors predicted by contrastive analysis were inexplicably not observed in. Students of a foreign language transfer the items, categories and structures of their native language to the target language. Markedness and the contrastive hierarchy in phonology is a research project directed by b. Wardhaugh, director of the english language institute of the university of. Lado 1957 proposed the contrastive analysis hypothesis cah, which predicts and accounts for phenomena in language acquisition by comparing the. Markedness and the contrastive analysis hypothesis, language. Contrastive analysis is a method to distinguish between what are needed and not needed to learn by the second language learner by evaluating languages m.
Markedness in second language acquisition, language learning. The contrastive analysis hypothesis lado 1957 simply assumed that areas of difficulty might be predicted on the basis of comparison of the l1 with the l2 what is different will be difficult. Each theory accounts for l2 acquisition from a different perspective. These theories can help both language teachers and their students to understand l2 language learning process. Available formats pdf please select a format to send. A functionaltypological approach to second language acquisition theory. Crosslinguistic influence and the markedness differential hypothesis the role of the mother tongue has been a controversial issue in sla theory since the times of the contrastive analysis hypothesis cah. However, contrastive analysis certainly cannot predict these developmental errors. This means that their old habits may interfere with their learning task. The advantage of exploiting contrastive analysis in teaching and learning a f oreign language. And even if the answer to that question is a more or less hesitant affirmative, then one may well question the value to teachers and curriculum workers.
Third, in markedness theory, the role of typological markedness in the explanation of l2 learning, the markedness differential hypothesis mdh and the structural conformity hypothesis sch are. A contrastive study of sign systems in english and hebrew yishai tobin this volume provides a new kind of contrastive analysis of two unrelated languages english and hebrew based on the semiotic concepts of invariance, markedness and distinctive feature theory. Learning language, is a question of habit formation. This notion corresponds to typological markedness which can be determined. This looks at ways contrastive analysis hypothesis helps teachers predict errors that may occur. Some theoretical and pedagogical implications of the markedness. Elan dresher and keren rice of the department of linguistics at the university of toronto, supported by a grant from the social science and humanities research council of canada social science and humanities research council of canada sshrc research grant 41020082645, 20082011.
Basis for planning courses and designing materials contrastive analysis hypothesis cah points to consider 1. Invariance, markedness and distinctive feature analysis. Contrastive analysis a presentation by lulud, nicko, and novian slideshare uses cookies to improve functionality and performance, and to provide you with relevant advertising. In a markedunmarked relation, one term of an opposition is the broader, dominant one. Ca was developed to examine the differences between two languages in an effort to identify problem areas for language learners. Markedness, contrastive analysis and the acquisition of spanish as a second language. Contrastive analysis, error analysis, markedness theory. Besides, i introduced the notion of the classical term interference, and i even trid to. Finally, it is argued that given certain assumptions about language and human learning, typological markedness is a natural and highly plausible notion of difficulty. Readers are encouraged to study more indepth to gain a full appreciation of this hypothesis. Contrastive analysis before discussing about the different hypothesis of contrastive analysis we should be familiar with the concept of difficulty and simplicity in language study, so we look at the hierarchy degrees of.
Eckman university of wisconsinmilwaukee the purpose of this entry is to describe and exemplify the markedness differential hypothesis henceforth mdh, as formulated in eckman 1977. Markedness and second language acquisition of word order in. Typological markedness and second language phonology. Still a third hypothesis, and the one which is of special interest in this paper, is the contrastive analysis hypothesis, a hypothesis of particular this paper was presented at the tesol convention, march 1970. The data were gathered from a passage and a word list containing voiced and voiceless obstruents in initial, medial, and final word positions. After initial exposure to the target language learners form hypotheses about the nature of. The main difference between the approximative system hypothesis and the interlanguage hypothesis is that the latter emphasizes the structurally intermediate status of the learners language system between mother tongue and target language, while the former emphasizes the transitional and dynamic nature of the system keshavarz, 1999. The purpose of this paper is to propose that the contrastive analysis hypothesis cah should be revised to incorporate a notion of degree of difficulty. The contrastive analysis of chinas bond financing and stock financingbased on pvar model. Markedness and second language acquisition volume 9 issue 3 lydia white. Markedness universals and the acquisition of voicing. A framework for determining the influence of the l1 on the l2 is the contrastive analysis hypothesis fries, 1945. Contrastive analysis hypothesis errro analysis hypothesis.
Contrastive analysis a presentation by lulud, nicko, and novian 2. In linguistics and social sciences, markedness is the state of standing out as unusual or divergent in comparison to a more common or regular form. This notion corresponds to typological markedness which can be determined independently of any. The mdh, stated in 3, claimed that typological markedness must be incorporated into the classic contrastive analysis hypothesis cah.
Markedness also figures prominently in hans 2009 selective fossilization hypothesis. For pb, p is marked by the feat ure of aspiration, while b is unmarked for the lack of the feature of aspiration. Contrastive analysis and the future of second language education. Suggests that the contrastive analysis hypothesis cah be revised to incorporate a notion of degree of difficulty which corresponds to the notion of typological markedness. Markedness and the contrastive analysis hypothesis. The criticism is that contrastive analysis hypothesis could not be sustained by empirical evidence. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise cambridge core to connect with your account. Markedness is a central concept in the study of linguistics in the 20th and 21st centuries, and it can be traced back to the early developments of structuralist phonological theory. For example, german learners persist for some time in making erroneous choices between much and many despite the fact that german also makes a formal distinction between singular viel and plural viele.
Contrastive analysis in linguistics linguistics oxford. Chinese, very few empirical studies have applied the markedness theories to the field analysis. Since a main component of markedness is the information content and information value of an element, some studies have taken markedness as an encoding of that which is unusual or informative, and this is reflected in formal probabilistic definitions of markedness and informedness as chancecorrect unidirectional components of the matthews. Pdf contrastive analysis and error analysis masoud. In the remainder of this discussion, i will conduct a contrastive analysis in which i compare the languages respective consonant and vowel systems, as well as a brief exploration of some phonotactic constraints. Two quotations from a classic reference book on contrastive linguistics may illustrate the underlying assumptions of this approach. In this book, lado claimed that those elements which are similar to the learners native language will be simple for him, and those elements that are different will be difficult. In this video, i gave a basic explanation of the principles of the contrastive analysis hypothesis. The markedness differential hypothesis the mdh was formulated as an attempt to address some of the problems with the cah contrastive analysis hypothesis. In 1977 eckman argued that lados contrastive analysis hypothesis cah could he maintained as a viable principle of second language acquisition it if was revised to incorporate certain principles from universal grammar. Markedness and syllabus design in sla sciencedirect.
His proposed revision, the markedness differential hypothesis mdh, is stated below. This is a brief overview of contrastive analysis for the reader to understand the main points. The mdh was proposed to address certain empirical problems with the contrastive analysis hypothesis. Contrastive analysis ca is a method to distinguish between what are needed and not needed to learn by the target languagetl learner by evaluating languages m. Markedness and the contrastive analysis hypothesis eckman. Cah which involves an item by item comparison of l1 structures and rules to those in the l2. It cannot find out the errors which are committed by the learners due to overgeneralization. The textbook is intended to be used in combination with a selection of papers on individual topics, some of which go beyond corpus analysis.
It can be seen from the above examples that when two. Contrastive analysis hypothesis errro analysis hypothesis ugrelated sla creative construction hypothesis markedness differential hypothesis monitor model competition model acculturation model c. Markedness in universal grammar and second language acquisition jiang zhaozi, shao changzhong. Full text of contrastive analysis and error analysis a. When it became clear that contrastive linguistics was not going to provide the foundation for a comprehensive theory of foreignlanguage learning, the field started showing signs of strain. The effect of markedness on korean l2 learnersaz pronunciation. The definition ca is sla approach that compares features of l1 and l2 in order to determine the similarities and differences of l1 to l2 3. At the end are guiding questions for the educator to contemplate instruction and contrastive analysis. Contrastive analysis ca was a hypothesis pioneered in the late 1950s by robert lado and his book linguistics across cultures. More contemporary versions of the cah go beyond the.
If you continue browsing the site, you agree to the use of cookies on this website. Markedness and second language acquisition cambridge core. Thus, the purpose of the current study is to explore the difficulties of native english speaking learners, in acquiring chinese as a second language and how it is related to the markedness theories, in particular, the typological markedness hypothesis. A great deal of skepticism about markedness and the variation in what is considered unmarked seems to be due to three apparent problems. The dominant default or minimumeffort form is known as unmarked. Mar 01, 2001 b then begins an impressive survey of the various dominant approaches to the acquisition of second language syntax, discussing each insightfully with a focus on what it contributes to our understanding. Hypothesis lado 1957 which incorporates the notion of typological markedness. The theoretical foundations for what became known as the contrastive analysis hypothesis were formulated in robert lados linguistics across cultures 1957. Research issues facilit lemma mediation l1l2 similarity, learner age. Cah this extension of the notion of ca attributed the ability to predict errors to a ca of two languages, a predictability that practitioners associated with the degree of similarity between the two systems. Lado 1957 proposed contrastive analysis hypothesis cah to explain the correlation between a native language l1 and a second language l2 in l2 acquisition. The mdh was formulated as an attempt to address some of the problems with the cah contrastive analysis.
Contrastive analysis suffers from under prediction and over prediction. Mar 06, 2014 linguistic levels of analysis contrastive analysis includes all fields of linguistics such as phonology, semantics, syntax, morphology and pragmatics. Ca is inadequate to predict the interference problems of a language learner. However, during the course of the 20th century it has acquired so many different meanings and uses that its current usage is still much debated and not clearly defined. Humans are thought to possess a certain innate predisposition to induce the rules of a target language from the input to which they are exposed. Markedness and second language acquisition of word order. Contrastive analysis, error analysis, interlanguage 1. No uniformity is evident in contrastive analysis hypothesis. Almaloul 2014 supports the belief that contrastive analysis studies the similarities and differences. Contrastive analysis before discussing about the different hypothesis of contrastive analysis we should be familiar with the concept of difficulty and simplicity. Contrastive language instruction is a potentially useful educational practice that does not appear to be fully appreciated at the present time. Markedness and the contrastive analysis hypothesis markedness and the contrastive analysis hypothesis eckman, fred r. With the markedness differential hypothesis, eckman 1977, who defines markedness. Acomparisonoftheenglishandtagalogsoundsystems 3between these two languages.
As an illustration of this, the data from three different studies are reanalyzed in order to show that an otherwise unexplained order of acquisition can be accounted for from a markedness perspective. In 1977 eckman argued that lados contrastive analysis hypothesis cah could he maintained as a viable principle of second language acquisition it if was revised to incorporate certain principles. Contrastive analysis hypothesis crosslinguistic influence. Contrastive linguistics emerged as a major subfield of applied linguistics in the 1940s and consolidated quickly throughout the 1950s and 1960s. In phonetics, in phoneme pairs of td, pb, kg, the former are unmarked for voice, the later are marked for voice. The contrastive analysis hypothesis english language essay. Contrastive analysis, error analysis, interlanguage and. B discusses the consequences of the methodological assumptions, critiquing the strengths and weaknesses in the coverage of each approach. Document resume the contrastive analysis hypothesis. With the sfh, han 2008, cites l1 markedness, defined here as frequency and formmeaning. Markedness and the contrastive analysis hypothesis request pdf. Markedness and the contrastive hierarchy in phonology. Contrastive analysis and the future of second language.
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